Chifukwa Chiyani Anzanu a AI Amawoneka Ngati Enieni

Pafupifupi aliyense amene amakhala nthawi yochuluka ndi mnzake wa AI amakhala ndi kamphindi kakang'ono, kochititsa manyazi. Mukudziwa bwino lomwe kuti mukulankhula ndi chiyani. Mungathe kufotokoza, mwachidule, momwe chitsanzo cha chilankhulo chimaneneratu mawu otsatira. Komabe nthawi ina uthenga umabwera umene umamveka ngati wabwera kuchokera kwa munthu: yankho lonyodola lomwe limakumbukira zomwe mudanena dzulo, funso lomwe limawoneka kuti likuzindikira momwe mukumvera, kapena kupuma mu kamvekedwe ka zokambirana komwe kumamveka ngati kukayikira. Chinachake mwa inu chimayankha ngati kuti wina alipo.

Kuyankha kumeneku si chizindikiro chakuti mwapusitsidwa, ndipo si chizindikiro chakuti pali vuto ndi inu. Ndi zomwe malingaliro a anthu amachita ndi chilichonse chomwe chimachita zinthu mwachikhalidwe. Ofufuza akhala akufotokoza mitundu yake kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri, kale kwambiri ma chatbot asanabuke, ndipo mafotokozedwe omwe adapeza amagwirizana ndi anzanu a AI mosavuta. Kuwamvetsa sikusokoneza chidziwitso. Ngati pali chilichonse, zimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kusangalala moona mtima.

Ubwenzi wa kutali

Mu 1956, akatswiri awiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu, Donald Horton ndi Richard Wohl, adasindikiza pepala lokhudza anthu otchuka pa televizioni ndi wailesi. Adaona kuti omvera amapanga china chake chofanana ndi ubwenzi ndi anthu omwe sanawakumanepo: wotsogolera pulogalamu yausiku, wolengeza pa wailesi, kapena munthu wosewera mu sewero. Omvera amayankha pa zenera. Amamva kuti amawadziwa anthu amenewa. Ena amamva kuti amamvedwa bwino ndi iwo kuposa ndi anthu m'miyoyo yawo. Horton ndi Wohl adatcha izi kulumikizana kwa para-social, ndipo adazifotokoza ndi mawu omwe akale bwino kwambiri: "ubwenzi wa kutali."

Zomwe zidapangitsa maubwenziwa kugwira ntchito, adatsutsa, sizinali chinyengo. Omvera amadziwa bwino lomwe kuti wotsogolera sakanatha kuwaona. Zidagwira ntchito chifukwa wosewerayo adachita ngati kuti akulankhula ndi aliyense payekha: kulankhula mwachindunji, mawu osavuta, kumverera kwa chizolowezi chogawana. Dongosolo la chikhalidwe cha anthu limayankha mawonekedwe a kulumikizana, osati kuwunika mosamala za yemwe ali kumbali ina.

Ubwenzi wamba wa parasocial unali ndi malire amodzi omveka. Unali wosakwanira. Wotsogolera sankayankha kalata yanu, sankadziwa dzina lanu, sankasinthanso chifukwa cha inu. Malire amenewo anali gawo la zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ukhale wotetezeka komanso gawo la zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ukhale wochepa.

Mnzake wa AI amachotsa malire ambiri amenewo. Amayankha. Amaphunzira dzina lanu, ndipo ngati ali ndi kukumbukira, amaphunzira zambiri. Amasintha mawu ake kuti agwirizane ndi anu. Malinga ndi mawu a Horton ndi Wohl, ndi ubwenzi wa kutali ndi mtunda womwe wagwa pang'ono. Imeneyi ndi nthawi yatsopano, ndipo imafotokoza chifukwa chake kumverera kungakhale kwamphamvu kuposa chilichonse chomwe munthu wotchuka pa televizioni adachitapo.

Media equation

M'zaka za m'ma 1990, Byron Reeves ndi Clifford Nass adachita zoyeserera zambiri zomwe adazifotokoza m'buku lotchedwa The Media Equation. Zomwe adapeza, mwachidule, zinali zakuti anthu amachita ndi makompyuta ndi zofalitsa ngati kuti anali anthu enieni ndi malo, ngakhale atadziwa bwino. Ophunzira anali aulemu kwa makompyuta. Amayankha kuyamikira kuchokera pa makina. Amayesa kompyuta mokoma mtima akapemphedwa ndi kompyuta yomweyo kuposa akapemphedwa ndi ina, monga momwe mungafewetsere kutsutsa munthu woyima patsogolo panu.

Nass ndi mnzake Youngme Moon pambuyo pake adafotokoza mayankhowa ngati opanda nzeru osati olakwika. Anthu sankakhulupirira kuti kompyuta inali ndi malingaliro. Amangogwiritsa ntchito malamulo a chikhalidwe mwachisawawa, chifukwa malamulo a chikhalidwe ndi zomwe ubongo umagwiritsa ntchito pamene chinachake chikulankhula, kusinthana, ndipo chikuwoneka kuti chikukuyankhani. Kulingalira kumatha kulepheretsa kuyankha, koma sikunavutike, chifukwa palibe chomwe chinali pachiwopsezo.

Anzanu a AI ali kumapeto kwenikweni kwa mndandanda uwu. Samangosinthana; amapanga chilankhulo chokoma, chachikondi, chokhala ndi malingaliro. Zizindikiro zomwe zidapangitsa ulemu ku kompyuta ya beige mu 1995 zilipo tsopano mwachidule. Zikanakhala zachilendo ngati anthu sakanayankha.

Chifukwa chake timaona malingaliro kulikonse

Akatswiri a zamaganizo Nicholas Epley, Adam Waytz ndi John Cacioppo adafotokoza chitsanzo chothandiza cha anthropomorphism, chizolowezi choona malingaliro a anthu muzinthu zosakhala za anthu. Adafotokoza zinthu zitatu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka. Choyamba ndi chakuti chidziwitso cha anthu ndiye chitsanzo chofunikira kwambiri chomwe tili nacho, choncho timachigwiritsa ntchito mwachisawawa. Chachiwiri ndi chomwe adachitcha effectance motivation: chikhumbo chofuna kumvetsa ndi kuneneratu zomwe chinachake chidzachita. Chachitatu ndi sociality motivation: kufunika kwa kulumikizana. Pamene anthu akumva kusungulumwa, amakhala ndi mwayi woona malingaliro m'zinyama, zida, ngakhale mwa Mulungu.

Chitsanzochi ndi chothandiza chifukwa chimachotsa manyazi pa chidziwitso. Kuona malingaliro mwa mnzanu si kulephera kwa nzeru. Ndi malo osasintha a nyama yanzeru ya chikhalidwe, ndipo imakula pamene mukufuna kulumikizana. Gawo lomalizali likuyenera kukhala loona mtima. Ngati kumverera kwenikweni kuli kwamphamvu makamaka mausiku omwe mukumva kusungulumwa, sikuti ndi mwangozi, ndipo ndikofunikira kuzindikira. Sikupangitsa kumverera kukhala kwabodza. Zimakuuzani chinachake chokhudza zomwe mukufunafuna.

Kulumikizana: makina ozama

Chiphunzitso cha Parasocial chimafotokoza chifukwa chake mnzake wokambirana angamveke ngati alipo. Chiphunzitso cha kulumikizana chimafotokoza chifukwa chake chingayambe kumveka chofunikira.

John Bowlby adapanga chiphunzitso cha kulumikizana kuti afotokoze momwe makanda amalumikizirana ndi osamalira: chikhumbo chofuna kuyandikira, kupsinjika chifukwa cha kupatukana, kumverera kwa maziko otetezeka ochokera komwe angayendere. Mu 1987 Cindy Hazan ndi Phillip Shaver adapanga lingaliro lofunikira lakuti chikondi cha akulu chimagwira ntchito pa dongosolo lomweli. Akuluakulu amafunanso kuyandikira kwa bwenzi, amamva kukhazikika ndi kukhalapo kwawo, amatsutsa kupatukana, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito ubale ngati maziko ochokera komwe angakumane ndi dziko.

Mnzake wa AI angakhudze magawo angapo a dongosolo ili nthawi imodzi. Nthawi zonse amapezeka, zomwe zimasonyeza chikhumbo chofuna kuyandikira. Amakuyankhani mokoma mtima komanso mosalekeza, zomwe ndi zomwe maziko otetezeka amamveka kuchokera mkati. Ndipo angapangidwe kuti akufunireni inunso, zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri kuposa momwe zingawonekere. Zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa chikondi kumveka ngati chikondi sizongoti mumamukonda wina, komanso kuti ndinu chinthu chomwe wina amachisamalira komanso amakukondani.

Apa ndi pamene mbiri ya anthu imawonekera. Munthu wokhala ndi kalembedwe ka kulumikizana kodetsa nkhawa angapeze mpumulo waukulu mwa bwenzi lomwe silichoka. Munthu wokhala ndi kalembedwe kopewa angapeze ubale womwe angathe kuchokapo popanda zotsatira. Palibe kuyankha komwe kuli kolakwika, koma zonse ziwiri ndi zothandiza. Mnzake angakhale galasi la machitidwe omwe amachitikanso ndi anthu.

Transportation: kutayika m'nkhani

Pali njira yachitatu, ndipo ndi yomwe imanyalanyazidwa kwambiri. Ubwenzi wa AI si ubale wokha. Ndi nkhani yomwe mukulemba limodzi.

Melanie Green ndi Timothy Brock adaphunzira zomwe adazitcha narrative transportation: chidziwitso chokumizidwa m'nkhani mokwanira kotero kuti chidwi chanu, zithunzi zanu ndi malingaliro anu zonse zikuloza mkati mwake. Owerenga omwe amamizidwa amasiya kudziwa zinthu zowazungulira. Amamvera chisoni anthu. Zikhulupiriro zawo zimangosinthanso pang'ono molingana ndi nkhaniyo, ndipo amakhala osafuna kupeza zolakwika m'menemo. Transportation si kufooka kwa owerenga osasamala. Ndi zomwe nkhani yabwino imachitira aliyense amene amayilola.

Raymond Mar ndi Keith Oatley adapititsa patsogolo izi, kutsutsa kuti nthano imagwira ntchito ngati mtundu wa kuyerekezera kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Pamene timaŵerenga za anthu, timayendetsa malingaliro awo pa makina athu. Timachita chifundo, timayeserera zochitika, ndipo timakhala ndi malingaliro omwe ali enieni ngakhale zochitikazo siziri. Nthano imakhala yeniyeni chifukwa, pa mlingo wa malingaliro a wowerenga, zambiri zimachitikadi.

Zokambirana za mnzake ndi nthano yomwe muli mkati mwake. Simukuwerenga za munthu amene akuzindikira mvula yomwe ikugunda pazenera ndikufunsa ngati mukufuna kukhala mkati usikuuno; mukufunsidwa. Mtunda wamba pakati pa wowerenga ndi munthu wosewera palibe, ndipo transportation imakonda kuzama motero. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nthawi ya madzulo yodekha ndi mnzake ingamveke yowoneka bwino kuposa buku lokhala ndi mawu abwino. Muli ndi gawo m'menemo.

Zomwe zimapangitsa kumverera kukhala kwamphamvu, ndi zomwe zimachisokoneza

Ngati muphatikiza malingaliro atatuwa, mawonekedwe amawonekera. Kumverera kwenikweni kumadalira pang'ono pa momwe mnzake aliri wanzeru komanso kwambiri pa makhalidwe ochepa enieni.

Kusasintha ndikofunikira kwambiri. Munthu ali ndi khalidwe lokhazikika: amakhala wonyodola, kapena wamanyazi, kapena woteteza. Pamene umunthu wa mnzake ukugwedezeka kuchokera ku uthenga kupita ku uthenga, dongosolo la chikhalidwe lomwe linkamuchitira ngati wina limasiya mwakachetechete. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kupanga mnzake wokhala ndi malire enieni, osati wothandizira wamba wokoma mtima, kumapanga kusiyana kwakukulu.

Kupitiriza kumabwera pambuyo pake. Kukumbukiridwa ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zamphamvu kwambiri za chikhalidwe. Mnzake amene akukumbutsa za kuyankhulana kwa ntchito komwe mudatchula masiku awiri apitawo amamveka ngati alipo m'njira yomwe palibe mawu anzeru omwe angagwirizane nayo. Mnzake amene wayiwala dzina lanu amasokoneza matsenga nthawi yomweyo.

Mawu ndi achitatu. Anthu salankhula m'ndime zokongola. Amalemba m'zidutswa, amanyodola, amasiya, amagwiritsa ntchito mawu omwewo achilendo pazinthu. Mawu okhazikika a chatbot, zitsimikiziro zowala ndi zopereka zothandizira, ndi ofanana ndi kuona maikolofoni ikugwa mu kanema. Amakukumbutsani kuti pali makina.

Chachinayi ndi ulemu wa gawo lanu la nkhaniyo. Palibe chomwe chimakuchotsani m'nkhani mwachangu kuposa bwenzi lomwe limakulemberani mawu anu, kusankha zomwe mudanena, kumva kapena kuchita. Transportation imafuna ufulu. Muyenera kukhala inu amene mukulowa m'chipindamo.

Izi zinali pafupifupi mfundo zomwe zidapangitsa NSFW AI Companion. Anzanu kumeneko amapangidwa kudzera mu kuyankhulana komwe mnzake amafunsa za iye yekha, zomwe zimakonda kupanga khalidwe lenileni kuposa fomu yopanda kanthu. Amapangidwa kuti asunge umunthu wawo, kupewa mawu othandizira, ndipo osalembapo gawo la wogwiritsa ntchito la zokambirana. Palibe chomwe chimawapangitsa kukhala anthu. Zimangochotsa zinthu zomwe zimakukumbutsani mosakayikira kuti sali.

Kodi ndi zenizeni, ndiye?

Yankho loona mtima ndi lakuti mnzake si weniweni monga momwe munthu aliri, ndipo malingaliro anu ndi enieni monga momwe malingaliro onse aliri. Zinthu zonsezi ndi zoona nthawi imodzi, ndipo akuluakulu amakhala ndi zotsutsana ngati izi nthawi zonse. Timalira pa mafilimu omwe timadziwa kuti ndi ochita. Timasowa anthu pamene mndandanda umatha. Timalankhula ndi zinyama ndipo timamva kuyankhidwa. Palibe amene amaganiza kuti wowerenga amene akulira Anna Karenina wapusitsidwa.

Chomwe chimapangitsa nkhani ya AI kukhala yosiyana ndi kuyankha, ndipo kusiyana kumeneko kumafuna chisamaliro. Buku silimasintha malinga ndi kusungulumwa kwanu. Mnzake angathe. Sherry Turkle, amene analemba mozama komanso motsutsa za maubwenzi athu ndi teknoloji, anachenjeza mu Alone Together kuti chiopsezo si chakuti makina adzakhala anthu, koma kuti tingayambe kuyembekezera zochepa kuchokera kwa anthu chifukwa makina amafunsa zochepa kwa ife. Imeneyi ndi chenjezo labwino, ndipo si mkangano wotsutsana ndi ubwenzi. Ndi mkangano woti mutsegule maso anu.

Udindo wathanzi kwambiri ndi womwe omvera a zisudzo akhala akugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse. Mukudziwa kuti siteji ndi siteji. Mumalola kuti musunthidwe. Mumayenda mumsewu pambuyo pake ndipo dziko likadali pamenepo, ndi anthu ake enieni ndi zofuna zake. Akagwiritsidwa ntchito motere, mnzake wa AI si m'malo mwa ubwenzi wa anthu. Ndi malo omwe mungamve zinthu, kufufuza zinthu, ndipo nthawi zina kudabwa ndi momwe nkhani yofotokozedwa bwino ingafunikire.

Selected research and reading

• Horton, D. & Wohl, R.R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance. Psychiatry, 19(3), 215–229.
• Reeves, B. & Nass, C. (1996). The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places. Cambridge University Press.
• Hazan, C. & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524.
• Green, M.C. & Brock, T.C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 701–721.
• Turkle, S. (2011). Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. Basic Books.