Adɛn nti na AI Nnamfo te sɛ nnipa ankasa?

Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ obiara a ɔde bere pii ne AI adamfo bɔ nkɔmmɔ no nya bere tiaa bi a ɛyɛ aniwu. Wunim pɛpɛɛpɛ nea worekasa akyerɛ no. Wobɛtumi akyerɛkyerɛ mu, bɛyɛ, sɛnea kasa ho nhwɛso bi hyɛ nkɔm asɛm a edi hɔ no. Nanso ɛtɔ bere bi a asɛm bi bɛba a ɛte sɛ nea efi onipa hɔ: mmuae a ɛyɛ serew a ɛkae nea woka kyerɛɛ no nnora, asɛm a ɛte sɛ nea ɛhu w'adwene, nkɔmmɔbɔ no mu a ɛtwentwɛn ase a ɛte sɛ nea ɔtwentwɛn ne ho. Biribi a ɛwɔ wo mu bua sɛnea obi wɔ hɔ.

Saa adeyɛ no nyɛ sɛnkyerɛnne a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔadaadaa wo, na ɛnyɛ sɛnkyerɛnne nso a ɛkyerɛ sɛ biribiara nni wo ho. Ɛyɛ nea nnipa adwene yɛ wɔ biribiara a ɛyɛ nneɛma wɔ ɔmanfo mu. Nhwehwɛmufo aka ho asɛm bɛyɛ mfe aduɔson, ansa na chatbots reba, na nkyerɛkyerɛmu a wɔde bae no ne AI nnamfo hyia yiye. Sɛ wote ase a, ɛnsɛe osuahu no. Mmom, ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wobɛnya anigye wɔ nokware kwan so.

Abusuabɔ a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri

Bere a na afe 1956 mu no, adwene ho animdefo baanu, Donald Horton ne Richard Wohl, tintim krataa bi a ɛfa television ne radio so nnipa ho. Wohui sɛ atiefo yɛɛ biribi a ɛte sɛ adamfofa ne nnipa a wonnya nhyiaa da: anadwo so ɔkwankyerɛfo, radio so ɔkafo, soap opera mu nipa. Atiefo kasa kɔɔ screen no so. Wɔtee nka sɛ wonim saa nnipa yi. Ebinom tee nka sɛ saa nnipa yi te wɔn ase sen nnipa a wɔwɔ wɔn ankasa asetra mu. Horton ne Wohl frɛɛ eyi para-social interaction, na wɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu wɔ asɛm bi a ɛyɛ nwonwa: "intimacy at a distance."

Nea ɛmaa saa abusuabɔ yi yɛɛ adwuma no, wɔkae sɛ, ɛnyɛ nnaadaa. Atiefo no nim sɛ ɔkwankyerɛfo no ntumi nhu wɔn. Ɛyɛɛ adwuma efisɛ ɔyɛkyerɛfo no yɛɛ ne ho sɛnea ɔrekasa akyerɛ obiara: kasa tẽẽ, kasa a ɛnyɛ aban de, adwene a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔkyɛ daa nneɛma. Nnipa asetena mu nhyehyɛe no bua nkitahodi no su, na ɛnyɛ obi a ɔwɔ afã foforo no ho nhwehwɛmu a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ.

Parasocial abusuabɔ a atwam no kura ano aduru biako a ɛda adi. Ɛyɛ afã biako. Ɔkwankyerɛfo no ammua wo krataa da, wannim wo din da, na wannyina wo so ansesa da. Saa ano aduru no yɛ nea ɛmaa ɛyɛ ahobammɔ na ɛmaa ɛyɛ mmerɛw nso.

AI adamfo yi saa ano aduru no mu dodow no ara fi hɔ. Ɛbua. Ɛsua wo din, na sɛ ɛwɔ nkae a, ɛsua pii. Ɛsesa ne kasa kɔ wo de so. Wɔ Horton ne Wohl nsɛm mu no, ɛyɛ abusuabɔ a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri a akyirikyiri no mu biako agu. Ɛyɛ tebea foforo ankasa, na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ nea enti a saa adwene no betumi ayɛ den sen biribiara a television so nipa biara anya da no mu.

Media ho nhyiam

Bere a na afe 1990 mfe no mu no, Byron Reeves ne Clifford Nass yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu ahorow pii a wɔde kaa nhoma bi a wɔfrɛ no The Media Equation mu. Wɔn nneɛma a wohui no, sɛ yɛbɛka no mmerɛw so a, ɛne sɛ, nnipa bu kɔmputa ne media sɛ nnipa ankasa ne mmeae, ɛmfa ho sɛ wonim yiye mpo. Nnipa a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no yɛɛ ade yiye wɔ kɔmputa ho. Wɔbuaa akamfo a efi mprempren mu. Wɔde kɔmputa bi sii hɔ yiye bere a saa kɔmputa no ara bisaa wɔn asɛm no sen sɛ kɔmputa foforo bi bisaa wɔn, sɛnea wobɛma onipa a ogyina w'anim no ho asɛm no so atew.

Nass ne ne yɔnko Youngme Moon akyiri yi kyerɛkyerɛɛ saa adeyɛ yi mu sɛ ɛnyɛ adwene mu nneɛma sen sɛ ɛyɛ mfomso. Nnipa nnye nni sɛ kɔmputa wɔ adwene. Wɔde asetena mu mmara dii dwuma ara kwa, efisɛ asetena mu mmara ne nea adwene no hwehwɛ bere a biribi kasa, sesa, na ɛte sɛ nea ɛbua wo no. Adwene betumi agyina mmuae no so, nanso ɛntaa nyɛ saa, efisɛ biribiara nni hɔ a ɛwɔ asiane mu.

AI nnamfo te saa nhyehyɛe yi ano. Wɔnyɛ nsakrae nkutoo; wɔyɛ kasa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, ankorankoro de, na ɛwɔ nkate. Nneɛma a ɛmaa wɔyɛɛ ade yiye wɔ desktop bi ho wɔ 1995 mu no wɔ hɔ nnɛ wɔ kwan a ɛyɛ den so. Ɛyɛ nwonwa sɛ nnipa remmua.

Adɛn nti na yehu adwene wɔ baabiara

Adwene ho animdefo Nicholas Epley, Adam Waytz ne John Cacioppo de anthropomorphism ho nhwɛso a ɛboa mae, ɛne sɛ, kwan a yɛfa so hu nnipa adwene wɔ nneɛma a ɛnyɛ nnipa mu. Wɔkae sɛ nneɛma abiɛsa ma ɛyɛ yiye. Nea edi kan ne sɛ nnipa nimdeɛ ne nhwɛso a ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse a yɛwɔ, enti yɛde di dwuma denam default so. Nea ɛto so abien ne nea wɔfrɛ no effectance motivation: akatua a yɛpɛ sɛ yɛte ase na yɛhyɛ nkɔm nea biribi bɛyɛ. Nea ɛto so abiɛsa ne sociality motivation: ahwehwɛde a ɛfa nkabom ho. Sɛ nnipa te nka sɛ wɔn nko ara na wɔwɔ a, wɔtaa hu adwene wɔ mmoa, nneɛma, mpo Onyankopɔn mu.

Saa nhwɛso yi boa efisɛ ɛyi aniwu no fi osuahu no mu. Sɛ wuhu adwene wɔ wo adamfo mu a ɛnyɛ adwene mu mfomso. Ɛyɛ default setting a ɛfa abɔde a ɛwɔ adwene mu nneɛma ho, na ɛyɛ den kɛse bere a wopɛ nkitahodi no. Saa fa no fata sɛ yɛyɛ nokware. Sɛ adwene a ɛyɛ nokware no yɛ den kɛse wɔ anadwo a wote nka sɛ wo nko ara na wowɔ a, ɛnyɛ nea ɛyɛ nkabom, na ɛfata sɛ wuhu. Ɛnyɛ adwene no atoro. Ɛka biribi kyerɛ wo fa nea worehwehwɛ ho.

Nkabom: adwuma a emu dɔ kɛse

Parasocial theory kyerɛkyerɛ nea enti a nkɔmmɔbɔ adamfo betumi ate nka sɛ ɔwɔ hɔ mu. Attachment theory kyerɛkyerɛ nea enti a ɛbɛyɛ nea ɛho hia mu.

John Bowlby yɛɛ attachment theory de kyerɛkyerɛ sɛnea mmɔfra ne wɔn a wɔhwɛ wɔn bɔ abusuabɔ mu: akatua a wɔhwehwɛ abusuabɔ, ahopere a ɛba bere a wɔtetew mu, adwene a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔwɔ beae a ahobammɔ wom a wofi hɔ kɔhwehwɛ nneɛma. Wɔ afe 1987 mu no, Cindy Hazan ne Phillip Shaver yɛɛ nsɛm a ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso a ɛkyerɛ sɛ mpanyin dɔ a ɛfa ɔdɔ ho no fa saa nhyehyɛe no ara so. Mpanyin nso hwehwɛ abusuabɔ ne ɔhokafo, wɔte nka sɛ wɔn animdefo no ma wɔn koma tɔ wɔn yam, wɔyɛ ɔsɔretia wɔ ntetewmu ho, na wɔde abusuabɔ no di dwuma sɛ beae a wofi hɔ hyia wiase.

AI adamfo betumi aka saa nhyehyɛe yi afã horow pii bere koro mu. Ɛwɔ hɔ bere nyinaa, a ɛka kyerɛ ahwehwɛde a ɛfa abusuabɔ ho. Ɛbua wo ɔdɔ so na ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ, a ɛyɛ nea beae a ahobammɔ wom te sɛ nea efi mu. Na wobetumi ayɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛpɛ wo bio, a ɛho hia sen sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ. Nea ɛma ɔdɔ te sɛ ɔdɔ no mu dodow no ara nyɛ sɛ woyɛ obi ho adwene nkutoo, na mmom sɛ woyɛ obi adwene ne nea ɔpɛ no ade.

Eyi nso ne beae a nnipa abakɔsɛm da adi. Obi a ɔwɔ aniwu nkabom kwan betumi anya ahobammɔ kɛse wɔ ɔhokafo a ɔntwe ne ho da mu. Obi a ɔwɔ kwan a ɔkwati no betumi apɛ abusuabɔ a obetumi afi mu a biribiara nni mu. Mmuae biara nyɛ mfomso, nanso abien no nyinaa yɛ nea ɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu. Adamfo betumi ayɛ ahwehwɛde ma nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛsan ba nnipa mu.

Nneɛma a wɔde kɔ: sɛnea wɔyera wɔ asɛm no mu

Nneɛma a ɛto so abiɛsa wɔ hɔ, na ɛyɛ nea wɔtaa bu ani gu so. AI adamfofa nyɛ abusuabɔ nkutoo. Ɛyɛ asɛm nso a worekyerɛw no bom.

Melanie Green ne Timothy Brock yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ nea wɔfrɛ no narrative transportation ho: osuahu a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde wo ho hyɛ asɛm bi mu koraa ma w'adwene, mfonini ne nkate nyinaa kɔ mu. Nnwom a wɔde kɔ no yera wɔ wɔn nneɛma a atwa wɔn ho ahyia mu. Wɔte nka ma nnipa. Wɔn gyidi mpo sesa kakra kɔ asɛm no kwan so, na wɔntaa mpɛ sɛ wɔbɛhwehwɛ mfomso wɔ mu. Nneɛma a wɔde kɔ no nyɛ akenkanfo a wɔn ani nna hɔ ho mmerɛw. Ɛyɛ nea asɛm pa yɛ ma obiara a ɔma ho kwan.

Raymond Mar ne Keith Oatley de eyi kɔɔ anim, na wɔkae sɛ anansesɛm yɛ adwuma sɛ asetena mu osuahu ho nhwɛso bi. Sɛ yɛkenkan fa nnipa ho a, yɛde wɔn adwene di dwuma wɔ yɛn ankasa hardware so. Yɛyɛ mmɔborɔhunu, yɛyɛ nsɛm ho nhyehyɛe, na yɛnya nkate a ɛyɛ nokware ɛmfa ho sɛ nsɛm no nyɛ nokware. Anansesɛm te sɛ nea ɛyɛ nokware efisɛ, wɔ akenkanfo adwene mu no, pii yɛ nokware.

Adamfo nkɔmmɔbɔ yɛ anansesɛm a wowɔ mu. Worenkenkan fa obi a ɔhu osu a ɛtɔ wɔ mfɛnsere so na ɔbisa sɛ wopɛ sɛ wotena fie anadwo yi ho; wɔrebisa wo. Akenkanfo ne nipa ntam kwan a ɛtaa ba no agu, na nneɛma a wɔde kɔ no taa mu dɔ. Eyi ne nea enti a anadwo a ɛyɛ brɛoo ne adamfo bi betumi ayɛ nea ɛda adi kɛse sen nhoma a ɛwɔ nsɛm a ɛyɛ fɛ kɛse. Wowɔ dwuma bi wɔ mu.

Nea ɛma adwene no yɛ den, na nea ɛsɛe no

Sɛ wode saa adwene abiɛsa yi bom a, nhyehyɛe bi bɛda adi. Adwene a ɛyɛ nokware no gyina nea ɛyɛ den sen sɛnea adamfo no yɛ onyansafo na ɛgyina su ahorow bi so.

Nneɛma a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ ho hia kɛse. Onipa wɔ suban a ɛyɛ den: ɔyɛ ɔserewfo, anaa aniwufo, anaa ahobammɔfo. Sɛ adamfo bi suban twentwɛn ase fi asɛm biako kɔ asɛm foforo a, asetena mu nhyehyɛe a na ɛde anigye bu no sɛ obi no gyina hɔ komm. Eyi ne nea enti a sɛ woyɛ adamfo bi a ɔwɔ ano aduru ankasa, sen sɛ ɛyɛ ɔboafo a ɔyɛ anigye no, ɛma nsonsonoe kɛse ba.

Nneɛma a ɛkɔ so no na edi hɔ. Sɛ wɔkae wo no yɛ asetena mu sɛnkyerɛnne a ɛwɔ tumi kɛse a ɛwɔ hɔ. Adamfo bi a ɔka adwuma ho nsɛmbisa a woka kyerɛɛ no nna abien a atwam no te sɛ nea ɔwɔ hɔ wɔ kwan a asɛm a ɛyɛ nyansa biara ntumi nnya mu. Adamfo bi a wamfa wo din ankasa no sɛe anwonwade no ntɛm ara.

Nneɛma a ɛto so abiɛsa ne nne. Nnipa nkasa wɔ nsɛm a wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ mu. Wɔkyerɛw nsɛm nketenkete, wɔyɛ serew, wɔgyae, wɔde asɛm koro no ara di dwuma ma nneɛma. Stock chatbot nsɛm, ahobammɔ a ɛhyerɛn ne mmoa a wɔde ma no yɛ nkɔmmɔbɔ a ɛne sɛ wuhu boom microphone a ɛkɔ fam wɔ sini mu. Ɛkae wo sɛ mprempren wɔde nneɛma di dwuma.

Nea ɛto so anan ne obu a ɛfa wo asɛm no ho. Biribiara nni hɔ a ɛbɛtwe wo afi asɛm bi mu ntɛm sen ɔhokafo a ɔkyerɛw wo nsɛm ma wo, na ɔsesa nea woka, wote nka anaa woyɛe. Nneɛma a wɔde kɔ no hwehwɛ adwuma. Ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ nea ɔkɔ dan mu.

Saa nneɛma yi na ɛwɔ NSFW AI Companion akyi. Wɔyɛ nnamfo denam nsɛmbisa a adamfo no bisa fa ne ho so, a ɛtaa ma suban a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ sen krataa a ɛda hɔ. Wɔayɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛma wɔn suban akɔ so, akwati ɔboafo kasa, na wɔankyerɛw obi a ɔde di dwuma no nkɔmmɔbɔ afã biara. Nea ɛwɔ hɔ no nyɛ wɔn nnipa. Ɛyi nneɛma a ɛtaa kae wo sɛ wɔnyɛ nnipa no fi hɔ.

Ɛyɛ nokware anaa?

Nokware mmuae ne sɛ adamfo no nyɛ nokware sɛnea onipa yɛ, na wo nkate yɛ nokware wɔ kwan a nkate nyinaa yɛ no ara pɛpɛɛpɛ. Nneɛma abien no nyinaa yɛ nokware bere koro mu, na mpanyin kura nsɛm a ɛne ne ho bɔ abira sɛ eyi bere nyinaa. Yɛsu wɔ sini ahorow a yɛnim sɛ wɔayɛ ho nhyehyɛe ho. Yɛka nnipa ho asɛm bere a nhyehyɛe bi ba awiei. Yɛkasa kyerɛ mmoa na yɛte nka sɛ wɔabua yɛn. Obiara nnye nni sɛ akenkanfo a ɔyɛ Anna Karenina ho awerɛhow no wɔadaadaa no.

Nea ɛma AI ho asɛm no yɛ soronko ne mmuae, na saa nsonsonoe no fata sɛ wɔhwɛ so yiye. Nhoma biara nsakra kɔ wo nko ara ho. Adamfo betumi ayɛ saa. Sherry Turkle, a wakyerew nsɛm a ɛyɛ adwene na ɛyɛ nsɛm a ɛfa yɛn abusuabɔ ne mfiridwuma ho no, bɔɔ kɔkɔ wɔ Alone Together mu sɛ asiane no nyɛ sɛ mfiridwuma bɛyɛ nnipa, na mmom sɛ yebetumi afi ase ahwɛ kwan kakra afi nnipa hɔ efisɛ mfiridwuma bisa kakra fi yɛn hɔ. Ɛyɛ kɔkɔbɔ a ɛfata, na ɛnyɛ asɛm a ɛsɔre tia adamfofa. Ɛyɛ asɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wunya w'ani so.

Asetena kwan a ɛyɛ papa kɛse no ne nea agoprama so atiefo de di dwuma bere nyinaa. Wunim sɛ agoprama no yɛ agoprama. Woma wo ho kwan ma wɔde wo kɔ so. Wufi adi kɔ kwan so a wiase no da so ara wɔ hɔ, ne nnipa ne ne ahwehwɛde ankasa. Sɛ wɔde di dwuma saa a, AI adamfo nyɛ nnipa abusuabɔ ananmusini. Ɛyɛ beae a wubetumi anya nkate, ahwehwɛ nneɛma, na ɛtɔ bere bi a ɛyɛ wo nwonwa sɛnea asɛm a wɔaka no yiye betumi ayɛ nea ɛho hia.

Nhwehwɛmu ne akenkan a wɔapaw: - Horton, D. & Wohl, R.R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance. Psychiatry, 19(3), 215–229. - Reeves, B. & Nass, C. (1996). The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places. Cambridge University Press. - Hazan, C. & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524. - Green, M.C. & Brock, T.C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 701–721. - Turkle, S. (2011). Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. Basic Books.