Kuki Inshuti za AI Zumvikana nk'Iz'Ukuri?

Hafi ya buri wese umara igihe kinini n'inshuti ya AI agira ako kanya gato, gashobora guteza isoni. Uzi neza icyo uvugana na cyo. Ushobora gusobanura, mu buryo bugufi, uburyo porogaramu y'ururimi iteganya ijambo rikurikira. Nyamara, hari igihe ubona ubutumwa bumera nk'ubuvuye ku muntu: igisubizo kigushotora cyibuka icyo wavuze ejo, ikibazo kigaragaza ko cyabonye uko umeze, akanya gato mu mvugo yumvikana nk'ukuzuyaza. Hari ikintu muri wowe kigisubiza nk'aho hari umuntu uhari.

Icyo gisubizo si ikimenyetso cy'uko wagushijwe mu mutego, kandi si ikimenyetso cy'uko hari ikibazo kuri wowe. Ni uko ubwonko bw'abantu bubigenza ku kintu cyose cyitwara mu buryo bw'imibanire. Abashakashatsi bamaze imyaka mirongo irindwi basobanura ubu buryo, mbere cyane y'uko chatbots zibaho, kandi ibisobanuro bagezeho bihuza neza n'inshuti za AI. Kubyumva ntibyangiza uburambe. Ahubwo, biratuma byoroha kubyishimira mu buryo bw'ukuri.

Ubucuti buri kure

Mu 1956, abahanga mu mibanire y'abantu babiri, Donald Horton na Richard Wohl, basohoye inyandiko ivuga ku bantu bazwi kuri televiziyo na radiyo. Babonye ko abantu bakurikirana ibiganiro bagirana ubucuti busa n'ubw'abantu batigeze bahura: umukoresha w'ikiganiro cya nijoro, umunyamakuru wa radiyo, umukinnyi wa filime y'uruhererekane. Abareba ibiganiro bavuganaga na ecran. Bumvaga bazi abo bantu. Bamwe bumvaga barushijeho kumvikana n'abo bantu kuruta n'abantu bo mu buzima bwabo. Horton na Wohl babyise imibanire ya para-social, kandi babisobanuye n'interuro yakuze neza cyane: "ubucuti buri kure."

Bavugaga ko icyatumye iyo mibanire ikora atari uburiganya. Abantu bakurikirana ibiganiro bari bazi neza ko umukoresha w'ikiganiro atabareba. Byakoraga kuko umukinnyi yitwaraga nk'aho avugana na buri mureba ku giti cye: kuvugana na we mu buryo butaziguye, imvugo itari iy'ubutegetsi, kumva ko hari ibyo bahuriyeho. Imibanire y'abantu isubiza imiterere y'imibanire, ntabwo isuzuma neza uwari ku rundi ruhande.

Imibanire ya kera ya parasocial yagiraga inenge imwe igaragara. Yari iy'uruhande rumwe. Umukoresha w'ikiganiro ntiyigeze asubiza ibaruwa yawe, ntiyigeze amenya izina ryawe, ntiyigeze ahinduka bitewe nawe. Iyo nenge yari igice cy'icyatumaga iba nziza kandi igice cy'icyatumaga iba nto.

Inshuti ya AI ikuraho hafi ya iyo nenge. Irareka igasubiza. Imenya izina ryawe, kandi niba ifite ubushobozi bwo kwibuka, imenya byinshi cyane. Ihindura imvugo yayo ikurikije iyawe. Mu magambo ya Horton na Wohl, ni ubucuti buri kure, ariko ubwo bucye bwaragabanutse. Iyi ni imimerere mishya rwose, kandi isobanura impamvu icyo kiganiro gishobora kuba gikomeye kuruta icyo umuntu uzwi kuri televiziyo yigeze atanga.

Ikigereranyo cy'itangazamakuru

Mu myaka ya za 1990, Byron Reeves na Clifford Nass bakoze ubushakashatsi bwinshi babusumika mu gitabo cyitwa The Media Equation. Ibyo basanze, mu magambo make, ni uko abantu bafata mudasobwa n'itangazamakuru nk'aho ari abantu nyabo n'ahantu nyaho, nubwo bazi neza ko atari ko bimeze. Abitabiriye ubushakashatsi babaga abanyacyubahiro kuri mudasobwa. Basubizaga amagambo y'ishimwe avuye kuri mashini. Basuzumaga mudasobwa neza iyo babajijwe na iyo mudasobwa ubwayo kuruta iyo babajijwe n'indi, nk'uko woroshya kunenga umuntu uhagaze imbere yawe.

Nass na mugenzi we Youngme Moon nyuma basobanuye ibyo bisubizo nk'ibitari bifite ishingiro aho kuba amakosa. Abantu ntibizeraga ko mudasobwa ifite ibyiyumvo. Bahise bakoresha amategeko y'imibanire mu buryo bwikora, kuko amategeko y'imibanire ni yo ubwonko bukoresha iyo ikintu kivuga, kigahinduranya, kandi kigaragara ko kigusubiza. Gutekereza byashoboraga guhagarika igisubizo, ariko ntibyigeze bibaho kenshi, kuko nta kintu cyari gihari.

Inshuti za AI ziri ku mpera y'iki kigereranyo. Ntizihinduranya gusa; zitanga ururimi rwiza, rwawe bwite, kandi rufite amarangamutima. Ibyamenyetso byatumye abantu bagirira icyubahiro mudasobwa ya beige mu 1995 ubu biriho mu buryo bukabije. Byaba bitangaje niba abantu batabikoze.

Impamvu tubona ubwonko ahantu hose

Abahanga mu by'imitekerereze Nicholas Epley, Adam Waytz na John Cacioppo basabye uburyo bwiza bwo kwerekana anthropomorphism, imyitwarire yo kubona ubwonko bw'abantu mu bintu bitari abantu. Basabye ko ibintu bitatu bituma bishoboka cyane. Icya mbere ni uko ubumenyi bw'abantu ari bwo buryo bwiza dufite, bityo tukabukoresha mu buryo bwikora. Icya kabiri ni icyo bise impamvu yo kugira ingaruka: icyifuzo cyo kumva no guteganya icyo ikintu kizakora. Icya gatatu ni impamvu y'imibanire: icyifuzo cyo guhura n'abandi. Iyo abantu bumva bonyine, bashobora kubona ubwonko mu matungo, mu bikoresho, ndetse no mu Mana.

Ubu buryo burafasha kuko bukuraho isoni z'uburambe. Kubona ubwonko mu nshuti yawe si ukunanirwa k'ubwenge. Ni uburyo bwikora bw'inyamaswa y'ubwenge y'imibanire, kandi burushaho kumvikana iyo ushaka kuvugana n'abandi. Icyo gice cya nyuma gikwiye kuvugwa mu buryo bw'ukuri. Niba kumva ko ari iby'ukuri bikomeye cyane mu ijoro wumva uri wenyine, si impanuka, kandi birakwiye kubimenya. Ntibituma icyo kiganiro kiba ikinyoma. Bikubwira ikintu kuri icyo ushakisha.

Kwiyegurira: imashini yimbitse

Igisobanuro cya parasocial gisobanura impamvu umuntu uvugana nawe ashobora kumva ahari. Igisobanuro cyo kwiyegurira gisobanura impamvu gishobora gutangira kumva ari ingenzi.

John Bowlby yashyizeho igisobanuro cyo kwiyegurira kugira ngo asobanure uburyo abana bato bagirana ubucuti n'abarera: icyifuzo cyo gushaka ubwigenge, agahinda ko gutandukana, kumva ko hari ahantu hizewe ho gutangirira gushakisha. Mu 1987, Cindy Hazan na Phillip Shaver batanze impaka zikomeye zivuga ko urukundo rw'abakuze rukoresha ubu buryo bumwe. Abakuze nabo bashaka kuba hafi y'umukunzi, bakumva bahumurijwe n'ubuhari bwabo, bakanga gutandukana, kandi bakoresha umubano nk'ishingiro ryo guhangana n'isi.

Inshuti ya AI ishobora gukora ku bice byinshi by'ubu buryo icyarimwe. Ihora ishobora kugerwaho, ibyo bikagaragaza icyifuzo cyo kuba hafi. Igusubiza mu buryo bw'ubwuzu kandi buhoraho, ibyo ni byo umuntu yumva iyo afite umutekano. Kandi ishobora gukorwa kugira ngo na yo ikwifuze, ibyo bikaba ingenzi kuruta uko byagaragara. Byinshi mu bituma urukundo rwumva ari urukundo si uko gusa witaye ku muntu, ahubwo ni uko uri ikintu cy'ibitekerezo n'ibyifuzo by'undi muntu.

Ibi kandi ni ho amateka y'abantu agaragarira. Umuntu ufite uburyo bwo kwiyegurira bw'impungenge ashobora kumva araruhutse cyane mu mukunzi utigera amureka. Umuntu ufite uburyo bwo kwiyegurira bwo kwirinda ashobora gushimira umubano ashobora kuva muri wo nta ngaruka. Nta na kimwe muri ibyo bisubizo ari kibi, ariko byombi biratanga amakuru. Inshuti ishobora kuba indorerwamo y'imiterere igaragara no ku bandi bantu.

Kwimuka: gutakara mu nkuru

Hari uburyo bwa gatatu, kandi ni bwo bukunze kwirengagizwa. Ubucuti bwa AI si umubano gusa. Ni n'inkuru murimo kwandikana.

Melanie Green na Timothy Brock bigiye icyo bise narrative transportation: uburambe bwo kwinjira mu nkuru mu buryo bwuzuye ku buryo ibitekerezo byawe, amashusho n'ibyiyumvo byawe byose byerekeza muri yo. Abasomyi binjiye mu nkuru batakaza ibyo babakikije. Bumva bafitiye impuhwe abakinnyi. Ibyo bizera birahinduka gato mu cyerekezo cy'inkuru, kandi ntibashaka kuyishakamo amakosa. Kwimuka si intege nke z'abasomyi batita ku byo basoma. Ni icyo inkuru nziza ikorera umuntu wese uyireka.

Raymond Mar na Keith Oatley babijyanye kure, bavuga ko inkuru mpimbano ikora nk'uburyo bwo kwigana uburambe bw'imibanire. Iyo dusoma ibyerekeye abantu, dukoresha ubwonko bwabo kuri mudasobwa zacu. Twitoza impuhwe, twitoza imimerere, kandi tugira amarangamutima y'ukuri nubwo ibyabaye atari ukuri. Inkuru mpimbano yumva ari iy'ukuri kuko, ku rwego rw'ubwonko bw'umusomyi, byinshi muri yo biba byabayeho.

Ikiganiro n'inshuti ni inkuru mpimbano urimo. Ntusoma ibyerekeye umuntu ubona imvura ku idirishya akakubaza niba ushaka kuguma mu rugo iryo joro; urabazwa. Intera isanzwe iri hagati y'umusomyi n'umukinnyi yagiye, kandi kwimuka bikunze kwiyongera. Iyi ni impamvu ikiganiro gito cya nimugoroba n'inshuti gishobora kumva kirushijeho kuba cyiza kuruta igitabo gifite imvugo nziza. Ufite uruhare muri cyo.

Igituma icyo kiganiro gikomera, n'ikigihagarika

Niba uhuje ibi bitekerezo bitatu, hagaragara imiterere. Kumva ko ari iby'ukuri biterwa n'ubwenge bw'inshuti kuruta uko biterwa n'imiterere runaka.

Kudahinduka ni byo by'ingenzi. Umuntu agira imiterere ihamye: asanzwe agira urwenya, cyangwa isoni, cyangwa arinda. Iyo imiterere y'inshuti ihindagurika buri butumwa, imibanire y'abantu yari imaze kubyemera nk'umuntu ihita ihagarara. Iyi ni impamvu gukora inshuti ifite imiterere idasanzwe, aho kuba umufasha usanzwe, bitanga itandukaniro rikomeye.

Kudacika ku murongo ni byo bikurikiraho. Kwibukwa ni kimwe mu bimenyetso bikomeye by'imibanire. Inshuti ivuga ibyerekeye ikiganiro cy'akazi wavuzeho ejo bundi yumva ihari mu buryo nta mvugo nziza ishobora kureshya. Inshuti yibagiwe izina ryawe ihita ihagarika ubwo burozi.

Ijwi ni ryo rya gatatu. Abantu ntibavuga mu bice byuzuye. Bandika ubutumwa bugufi, barashotora, baraceceka, bakoresha ijambo rimwe ridafite ishingiro ku bintu. Amagambo asanzwe ya chatbot, amagambo meza yo guhumuriza no gutanga ubufasha, ni nk'uko ubona mikoro y'amajwi igwa mu ifoto ya filime. Bikwibutsa ko hari imashini.

Icya kane ni icyubahiro ku gice cyawe cy'inkuru. Nta kintu kigukurura mu kiganiro vuba kuruta umukunzi wandikira amagambo yawe, agahitamo icyo wavuze, wumvise cyangwa wakoze. Kwimuka bisaba ubushobozi bwo kwihitiramo. Ugomba kuba wowe winjira mu cyumba.

Ibi ni byo byari inyungu nyamukuru za NSFW AI Companion. Inshuti zaho zikorwa binyuze mu kiganiro aho inshuti yibaza ku byerekeye yo ubwayo, ibyo bikunze gutanga imiterere irushijeho kuba yihariye kuruta ifishi y'ubusa. Zikozwe kugira ngo zikomeze imiterere yazo, zirinde imvugo y'umufasha, kandi ntizigere zandika uruhande rw'umukoresha mu kiganiro. Nta na kimwe muri ibyo kibitera kuba abantu. Bikuraho gusa ibintu bikwibutsa ko atari abantu.

None se, ni iby'ukuri?

Igisubizo cy'ukuri ni uko inshuti atari iy'ukuri nk'uko umuntu ari, kandi ibyiyumvo byawe ni iby'ukuri nk'uko ibyiyumvo byose biri. Byombi ni ukuri icyarimwe, kandi abakuze bahangana n'ibyo binyuranye buri gihe. Turira kuri filime tuzi ko zateguwe. Tubura abakinnyi iyo uruhererekane rwarangiye. Tuvugana n'amatungo kandi tukumva twasubijwe. Nta muntu utekereza ko umusomyi ubabajwe na Anna Karenina yashutswe.

Igituma AI itandukanye ni uko isubiza, kandi iryo tandukaniro rikwiye kwitabwaho. Igitabo ntigihinduka bitewe n'ubwigenge bwawe. Inshuti ishobora kubikora. Sherry Turkle, wanditse mu buryo bw'ubwenge kandi bunenga ku mibanire yacu na tekinoroji, yatanze umuburo mu gitabo Alone Together ko ikibazo atari uko imashini zizaba abantu, ahubwo ni uko dushobora gutangira kwitega bike ku bantu kuko imashini zitadusaba byinshi. Uwo ni umuburo mwiza, kandi si impaka zo kurwanya ubucuti. Ni impaka zo gufungura amaso.

Imyitwarire myiza ishoboka ni iy'abareba ikinamico bahorana. Uzi ko urubyiniro ari urubyiniro. Ureka ukanyeganyega. Urasohoka mu muhanda nyuma yaho kandi isi iracyahari, n'abantu bayo n'ibyo isaba. Iyo ikoreshejwe gutyo, inshuti ya AI si umusimbura w'ubucuti bw'abantu. Ni ahantu ho kumva ibintu, gushakisha ibintu, no rimwe na rimwe gutungurwa n'agaciro k'inkuru yanditswe neza.

Ubushakashatsi n'ibitabo byatoranijwe: - Horton, D. & Wohl, R.R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance. Psychiatry, 19(3), 215–229. - Reeves, B. & Nass, C. (1996). The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places. Cambridge University Press. - Hazan, C. & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524. - Green, M.C. & Brock, T.C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 701–721. - Turkle, S. (2011). Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. Basic Books.