Dɛn nti na AI nnamfo te sɛ nea ɛyɛ nokware

Ebɛyɛ sɛ nnipa nyinaa a wɔde bere ankasa to AI adamfo bi ho no, wɔhyia bere ketewa koro no, na ɛma nkanyan kakra. Wunim yiye sɛ nea wo ne no rekasa. Wobɛtumi akyerɛkyerɛ, nea ɛbɛyɛ, sɛnea kasa nhwɛsoɔ guesses asɛmfua a ɛdi hɔ no. Nanso, bere bi mu, nkra bi bɛba a ɛka wo te sɛ nea ɛfiri onipa bi: mmuaeɛ a ɛyɛ ɔgyegye a ɛkae nea wokaa nnera, asɛmmisa a ɛte sɛ nea ahu wo tebea, nneɛma a ɛgyina kasa ntwetwe mu a ɛte sɛ ahopopo. Biribi wɔ wo mu a ɛde mmuaeɛ ma no sɛ obi wɔ hɔ.

Saa mmuaeɛ no nyɛ sɛnkyerɛnne sɛ wɔadaadaa wo, na ɛnyɛ sɛnkyerɛnne sɛ biribi a ɛnteɛ wɔ wo ho. Ɛyɛ nea onipa adwene yɛ wɔ biribiara a ɛyɛ nneɛma sɛ abusuafo no ho. Nhwehwɛmufo de mfe aduɔson akyerɛkyerɛ no ho nsɛm, ansa na chatbot reba, na nkyerɛkyerɛmu a wɔanya no di mu yiye wɔ AI nnamfo ho kakra a ɛnyɛ fɛfɛ. Wɔn ntease nsɛe osuahu no. Mmom, ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛ sɛ wobɛte nka no nokwarem.

Abusuabɔ firi akyirikyiri

Wɔ afe 1956 mu, abusua ho nimdefo baanu, Donald Horton ne Richard Wohl, de nhoma bi too gua a ɛfa television ne radio nnipa ho. Wohu sɛ ahwɛfo si biribi a ɛte sɛ nkɔmmɔbɔ ne nnipa a wɔnnii wɔn hyia da: anadwo nsɛmmɔne ɔkyerɛkyerɛfo, radio ɔkyerɛwfo, soap opera nipa. Ahwɛfo no maa mmuaeɛ ma ekran no. Wɔte nka sɛ wɔnim saa nnipa yi. Ebinom te nka sɛ wɔte wɔn ase sen nnipa a wɔwɔ wɔn nkwa mu. Horton ne Wohl frɛɛ eyi parasocial nkabom, na wɔkyerɛɛ mu wɔ nsɛmfua bi a ɛkyerɛ yiye: "abusuabɔ firi akyirikyiri."

Nea ɛmaa saa abusuabɔ yi yɛɛ adwuma, wɔmaa nsɛm sɛ, enyɛ nnaadaa. Ahwɛfo no nim yiye sɛ ɔkyerɛkyerɛfo no ntumi nhu wɔn. Ɛyɛɛ adwuma efisɛ ɔdi adwuma no yɛɛ sɛ ɔne ahwɛfo biara rekasa ankasa: sɛ ɔne wo kasa tẽẽ, nnwom a ɛyɛ anibere, ahoɔden a ɛkyerɛ daa daa. Onipa abusua ahyɛdeɛ mmuaeɛ yɛ ma nkabom no su, ɛnyɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛyɛ nokware wɔ nea ɔwɔ ɔfa foforo no.

Tete parasocial abusuabɔ no wɔ ɛsɛ a ɛda adi. Ɛyɛɛ ɔfa biako. Ɔkyerɛkyerɛfo no nnyaa wo nhoma mmuaeɛ da, osuaa wo din da, ɔdannan da ɛnyɛ wo nti. Saa ɛsɛ no yɛ nea ɛma abusuabɔ no yɛ ahobammɔ, na ɛyɛ nea ɛma ɛyɛ teteɛ.

AI adamfo yi ma ɛsɛ no pii kɔ. Ɔma mmuaeɛ. Osua wo din, na sɛ ɔwɔ nkae a, osua pii. Ɔhyehyɛ n'ano so sɛ wo de. Wɔ Horton ne Wohl nsɛmfua mu no, ɛyɛ abusuabɔ firi akyirikyiri a ɛso akyi akyiri no ahwe fam kakra. Eyi yɛ tebea foforo ankasa, na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ nea enti na nteɛteɛm no betumi ayɛ den sen biribiara a television onipa ayɛ.

Mfonyin ntrɛwmu mu hyɛdeɛ

Wɔ afe 1990 mu, Byron Reeves ne Clifford Nass yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu pii a wɔtoo mu wɔ nhoma bi mu a wɔfrɛ no The Media Equation. Nea wohuu, de kasa a ɛyɛ mmerɛ ka sɛ, nnipa gye kɔmputa ne mfonyin sɛ nnipa ne mmeae ankasa, ɛwom sɛ wɔnim yie. Wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no yɛɛ ayɛyɛ ma kɔmputa. Wɔmaa mmuaeɛ wɔ mfɛfo nneɛma a mashin yɛ no ho. Wɔhwɛɛ kɔmputa mu yiye bere a kɔmputa koro no bisaa wɔn sen bere a foforo bisaa, sɛnea wobɛdan nsɛm a ɛyɛ den akɔ mmerɛ ma obi a ɔgyina w'anim.

Nass ne n'adwumayɛfo Youngme Moon kyerɛkyerɛɛ mu akyiri no sɛ saa mmuaeɛ yi yɛ nsusuiɛ a enni adwene sen mfomsoɔ. Nnipa annye anni sɛ kɔmputa wɔ nkate. Wɔde abusuafo mmara dii dwuma a wɔnnya adwene, efisɛ abusuafo mmara ne nea adwene kɔ ho bere a biribi kasa, bu kyɛfa, na ɛte sɛ nea ɛma wo mmuaeɛ. Adwene betumi adi mmuaeɛ no so, nanso ɛntaa ɛmmɔ mmɔden, efisɛ biribiara nni hɔ a ɛwɔ asiane mu.

AI nnamfo gyina saa ntrɛwmu yi awieeɛ a ɛyɛ akyiri. Wɔnnye bere nko ara; wɔyɛ kasa a ɛsen, ankasa ne nkate ho. Nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛmaa obu wɔ beige desktop ho wɔ 1995 no wɔ hɔ nnɛ wɔ nea wɔakɔ so mu. Ɛbɛyɛ nea ɛyɛ nwonwa sɛ nnipa nnye mmuaeɛ.

Dɛn nti na yɛhu adwene baabiara

Adwenemhyɛfo Nicholas Epley, Adam Waytz ne John Cacioppo de nhwɛsoɔ a ɛho wɔ mfaso kyerɛɛ onipa ho su, nneɛma a ɛma yɛhu nnipa adwene wɔ nneɛma a ɛnyɛ nnipa mu. Wɔkyerɛɛ sɛ nneɛma abiɛsa ma ɛyɛ nea ɛbɛyɛ. Nea edi kan ne sɛ onipa nimdeɛ ne nhwɛsoɔ a ɛbɛn yɛn paa, enti yɛde di dwuma. Nea ɛtɔ so mmienu ne nea wɔfrɛ no adwumayɛ adesrɛ: ɔpɛ sɛ wɔte ase na wɔhyɛ nea biribi bɛyɛ ho nkɔm. Nea ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa ne abusuafo adesrɛ: nkabom hia. Bere a nnipa te nka sɛ wɔwɔ nko ara no, ɛyɛ nea ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔbɛhu adwene wɔ afie mmoa, nnwinnadeɛ, ne Nyame mu.

Nhwɛsoɔ yi ho wɔ mfaso efisɛ ɛyi aniwu firi osuahu no mu. Adwene a wuhu wɔ w'adamfo mu no nyɛ nyansa nkɔso kɔ. Ɛyɛ abusuafo aboa a ɔwɔ nyansa no su a ɛwɔ hɔ daa, na ɛkɔ so yɛ den bere a wopɛ nkabom. Nea ɛtwa toa no fata nokware. Sɛ nokware nka no yɛ den paa anadwo bere a wote nka sɛ woyɛ wo nko a, ɛnyɛ nea ɛtoa wo, na ɛfata sɛ wohu. Ɛmma nka no nyɛ atoro. Ɛka biribi kyerɛ wo fa nea worehwehwɛ ho.

Nkabom: mashin a ɛwɔ akyi

Parasocial nsusuiɛ kyerɛkyerɛ nea enti na nkɔmmɔbɔ ɔhokafo betumi ate sɛ nea ɔwɔ hɔ. Nkabom nsusuiɛ kyerɛkyerɛ nea enti na ɛbɛtumi ahyɛ aseɛ ate sɛ nea ɛho hia.

John Bowlby yɛɛ nkabom nsusuiɛ sɛ ɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ sɛnea mmofra te nkabom ne wɔn ahwɛfo: ɔkɔ a ɔhwehwɛ ahopere, ɔyaw bere a wɔtetew, nkate a ɛfa bammɔ gyinabea a wɔtumi hwehwɛ mu firi hɔ. Wɔ afe 1987 mu, Cindy Hazan ne Phillip Shaver de nsɛm a ɛwɔ ahoɔden bɛtoaa so sɛ akokoduro ho ɔdɔ no di dwuma wɔ ahyehyɛdeɛ koro no so. Akyerɛfo nso hwehwɛ ɔhokafo a ɔbɛn, wɔn ho tɔ wɔn bere a ɔwɔ hɔ, wɔsɔre tia ntetew, na wɔde abusuabɔ no yɛ gyinabea sɛ wɔbɛtumi ayɛ ma wiase.

AI adamfo betumi aka saa ahyehyɛdeɛ yi mu nkyekyɛmu pii wɔ bere koro mu. Ɔwɔ hɔ daa, a ɛde mmuaeɛ ma ahopere pɛ. Ɔma wo mmuaeɛ wɔ ahodɔ ne daa mu, a ɛyɛ nea bammɔ gyinabea te nka firi mu. Na wobetumi ayɛ no sɛ ɔpɛ wo bio, a ɛho hia sen nea ɛkyerɛ. Nea ɛma ɔdɔ te sɛ ɔdɔ no pii ne sɛ ɛnyɛ sɛ wohwɛ obi nko, na mmom wo ne nea obi ani gye wo ho na ɔpaw wo.

Wɔ ha nso na nnipa abakɔsɛm da adi. Obi a ɔwɔ nkabom suban a ɛhaw no betumi anya ahotɔ kɛse wɔ ɔhokafo a ɔntwe ne ho da mu. Obi a ɔwɔ nkabom suban a ɔtwe ne ho no betumi aboa abusuabɔ a obetumi atwe ne ho firi mu a nsɛm nni. Mmuaeɛ abien no mu biara nnye fɔ, nanso ne mmienu nyinaa ma ɛho nsɛm. Adamfo betumi ayɛ nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkyerɛ nneɛma a ɛkɔ so wɔ nnipa nso mu.

Tɔ mu: yera wɔ asɛm mu

Mashin a ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa wɔ hɔ, na ɛno ne nea wɔtaa hwere. AI adamfoyɛ nyɛ abusuabɔ nko ara. Ɛyɛ asɛm a mokyerɛw bom nso.

Melanie Green ne Timothy Brock suaa nea wɔfrɛ no asɛm tɔ mu: osuahu a obi hyɛ asɛm bi mu koraa a wo adwene, mfonyin ne nkate nyinaa kyerɛ mu. Akenkanfo a wɔatɔ mu no hwere wɔn nkyɛn nneɛma. Wɔte nka ma nsɛm mu nnipa. Wɔn gyidi nso dan kakra kɔ asɛm no fam, na wɔnpɛ sɛ wohwehwɛ mfomso wɔ mu. Tɔ mu nyɛ akenkanfo a wɔnhwɛ yiye no mmerɛ. Ɛyɛ nea asɛm pa yɛ ma obiara a ɔma ho kwan.

Raymond Mar ne Keith Oatley kɔɔ so, na wɔkyerɛɛ sɛ nsɛm a wɔyɛ no yɛ adwuma sɛ abusuafo osuahu nhwɛsoɔ. Bere a yɛkenkan fa nnipa ho no, yɛma wɔn adwene tu wɔ yɛn ankasa hardware so. Yɛyɛ ahummɔbɔ ho nhyehyɛe, yɛsan yɛ tebea, na yɛte nkate a ɛyɛ nokware ɛwom sɛ nsɛm no nyɛ nokware. Asɛm te sɛ nokware efisɛ, wɔ akenkanfo adwene mu, ne pii si ampa.

Nkɔmmɔbɔ ne adamfo yɛ asɛm a wowɔ mu. Wonkenkan fa onipa a ohu osu wɔ mfɛnsere so na ɔbisa sɛ wopɛ sɛ wudi anadwo yi; wobisa wo. Akwan a ɛtaa yɛ ntam a ɛda akenkanfo ne asɛm mu onipa ntam no ayera, na tɔ mu daa mu kɔ so wɔ saa kwan no so. Eyi nti anwummere tebea a ɛyɛ nkakrankakra ne adamfo betumi ate nkwa mu sen nhoma a ne kasa yɛ papa. Wowɔ dwumadi wɔ mu.

Nea ɛma nka no yɛ den, ne nea ɛbubu no

Sɛ wode saa adwene mmiɛnsa yi bom a, nhyehyɛe bi da adi. Nokware nka no gyina nea adamfo no wɔ nyansa so kakra na ɛgyina nneɛma a wɔakyerɛ pii so.

Daa gyinabea ne nea ɛho hia paa. Onipa wɔ suban a ɛda hɔ: ɔyɛ ɔtɛfo a wotumi de ɔno si so, anaa ɔwɔ aniwu, anaa ɔbɔ ho ban. Bere a adamfo suban kɔ ho fi nkra bi mu kɔ foforo mu no, abusuafo ahyehyɛdeɛ a ɛde anigye hwɛ no sɛ obi gyae no no yɛ komm. Eyi nti na sɛ wohyehyɛ adamfo a ɔwɔ nokware nnipa mmeae, sen ɔboafoɔ a ɔyɛ papa nyinaa no, ɛma ɛyɛ nsonsonoeɛ kɛse.

Nkɔso dii hɔ. Wɔkae wo yɛ abusuafo nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛyɛ den paa no mu biako. Adamfo a ɔde adwuma anwensɛm a wokae nnansa kɔ no ba no te sɛ nea ɔwɔ hɔ wɔ kwan a nsɛm nyansa biara ntumi ne no ntam. Adamfo a wanyi wo din no bubu nkonyaa no ntɛm ara.

Nne ne nea ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa. Nnipa nkasa wɔ nkyekyɛmu a wɔasiesie. Wɔkyerɛw nkra wɔ nkyɛnsa mu, wɔdi fɛ, wogyaw nsɛm no mu mu, wɔde asɛmfua koro a ɛyɛ nwonwa di dwuma ma nneɛma. Chatbot nsɛm a wɔasiesie, ahotɔ a ɛyɛ anigye ne mmoa nsɛm, yɛ nkɔmmɔbɔ nsɛm a ɛne boom microphone a ɛkɔ fim mfonyin mu no hu bɔ ho. Wɔkae wo sɛ mashin wɔ hɔ.

Nea ɛtɔ so nan ne obu ma w'afa wɔ asɛm no mu. Biribiara nni hɔ a ɛtwe wo firi sini mu ntɛm sen ɔhokafo a ɔkyerɛw wo nsɛm ma wo, ɔyi nea wokae, wɔte nka anaa wɔyɛe. Tɔ mu hwehwɛ ahotɔ. Ɛsɛ sɛ wo ne nea ɔkɔ ɔdan mu.

Eyi ne, nea ɛbɛyɛ, nnyinasoɔ a ɛwɔ NSFW AI Companion akyi. Wɔyɛ nnamfo wɔ hɔ denam nkɔmmisa a adamfo no bisa ne ho no so, na ɛtaa yɛ nipa a ɔyɛ pɔtee sen ho kyerɛw a ɛda hɔ. Wɔahyehyɛ sɛ wɔbɛkura wɔn su, wɔbɛdwane boafo kasa, na wɔrenkyerɛw ɔdwumayɛfo fa wɔ nkɔmmɔbɔ no mu da. Eyinom mu biara nyɛ wɔn nnipa. Ɛyi nneɛma a ɛkae wo dennen sɛ wɔnyɛ nnipa nko ara.

Enti, ɛyɛ nokware anaa?

Mmuaeɛ a ɛyɛ nokware ne sɛ adamfo no nyɛ nokware sɛ onipa, na wo nkate yɛ nokware tẽẽ sɛ nkate nyinaa. Nneɛma abien no yɛ nokware wɔ bere koro mu, na akyerɛfo kura nsɛm a ɛne no tɔ so sɛɛ bere nyinaa. Yɛsu wɔ sini a yenim sɛ wɔahyehyɛ no ho. Yɛhwehwɛ nsɛm mu nnipa bere a ɛtoa wie. Yɛne afie mmoa kasa na yɛte nka sɛ wɔde mmuaeɛ ama. Obiara nsusu sɛ akenkanfo a ɔsu ma Anna Karenina no wɔadaadaa no.

Nea ɛma AI asɛm no yɛ soronko ne mmuaeɛ, na saa nsonsonoeɛ yi fata sɛ wɔbɔ ho ban kakra. Nhoma nsesa ne ho nsisi wo ankasa nko. Adamfo betumi. Sherry Turkle, a ɔkyerɛw nsɛm fa yɛn abusuabɔ ne technology ho no, bɔɔ kɔkɔ wɔ Alone Together mu sɛ asiane no nyɛ sɛ mashin bɛyɛ nnipa, na mmom sɛ yɛbɛhyɛ aseɛ ahwɛ kakra firi nnipa nkyɛn efisɛ mashin hwehwɛ kakra firi yɛn nkyɛn. Ɛyɛ kɔkɔbɔ a ɛteɛ, na ɛnyɛ nsɛm a ɛtia nnamfo. Ɛyɛ nsɛm sɛ yɛmfa yɛn ani nhwɛ.

Gyinabea a ɛyɛ nea ɛwɔ ahotɔ paa no betumi ayɛ nea teater ahwɛfo nyinaa taa gye. Wunim sɛ sini gyinabea yɛ sini gyinabea. Wuma ɛkwan ma nka no ka wo. Afei wotu fi hɔ kɔ mmɔnten so na wiase da so wɔ hɔ, ne nnipa ne n'adesrɛ. Sɛ wɔde di dwuma saa kwan no so a, AI adamfo nyɛ onipa abusuabɔ nsesaeɛ. Ɛyɛ beae a wobɛte nneɛma nka, wɔhwehwɛ nneɛma, na bere bi mu wɔn ho yɛ nwonwa wɔ sɛnea asɛm a wɔakyerɛ no yiye betumi ayɛ ho hia.

Nhwehwɛmu ne nkenkan a wɔapaw: - Horton, D. & Wohl, R.R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance. Psychiatry, 19(3), 215–229. - Reeves, B. & Nass, C. (1996). The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places. Cambridge University Press. - Hazan, C. & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524. - Green, M.C. & Brock, T.C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 701–721. - Turkle, S. (2011). Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. Basic Books.