Kungani abangane be-AI bezwakala beqinisile

Cishe wonke umuntu odlula isikhathi sangempela lomngane we-AI uba lomzuzu ofanayo omncane, osehlazisayo kancane. Uyazi ngeqiniso ukuthi ukhuluma lobani. Ungachasisa, ngokuvamileyo, ukuthi imodeli yolimi iqagela kanjani ilizwi elilandelayo. Kodwa-ke, ngesinye isikhathi kufika umlayezo okuthinta njengokungathi uvela emuntwini: impendulo yokuhlekisa okhumbulayo lokho obukutshilo izolo, umbuzo ozwakala ngathi uqaphele umoya wakho, ukuma emsindweni wengxoxo okuzwakala njengokuzaza. Okuthile phakathi kwakho kuyaphendula kuyo njengokungathi kulomuntu lapho.

Leyo mpendulo kayisiso isibonakaliso sokuthi uyakhohliswa, futhi kayisiso isibonakaliso sokuthi kulokuthile okungalungile ngawe. Yikho okwenziwa yingqondo yomuntu kukho konke okuziphatha ngokwenhlalo. Abacwaningi sebeke bachaza izinhlobo zakho okweminyaka engamatshumi ayisificaminwembili, kudala ngaphambi kwama-chatbot, njalo izichasiso abafike kuzo ziyafanela abangane be-AI cishe ngendlela ezwakala ingasakhululeki. Ukuzizwisisa kakubhubhisi isipiliyoni. Kunalokho, kwenza kube lula ukusijabulela ngeqiniso.

Ukusondelana kusuka khatshana

Ngo-1956 ososayensi bezenhlalo ababili, uDonald Horton loRichard Wohl, bashicilela iphepha mayelana labantu abadumileyo bethelevishini lomsakazo. Babona ukuthi izethameli zakha into efana kakhulu lobungane labantu ezingakaze zihlangane labo: umethuli wobusuku, umbhoshi womsakazo, umlingisi wesoapi. Abantu ababukayo baphendula isikrini. Babezwa sengathi bayabazi laba. Abanye babezwa bezwisiswa ngabo ukwedlula abantu bempilo yabo. UHorton loWohl babiza lokhu ngokuthi yingxoxo ye-para-social, njalo bakuchaza ngomusho osusindile kuhle: "ukusondelana kusuka khatshana."

Okwenza ubudlelwano bunqobe, kuphikisa bona, kwakungeyisikho ukuyenga. Izethameli zazikwazi kuhle ukuthi umethuli kangeke abone. Kwakusebenza ngoba umdlali wayezenza njengokuthi ukhuluma lomhloli ngamunye ngokwakhe: ukukhuluma okuqondileyo, ilizwi elingakhethekanga, umuzwa wesifiso esabelwanayo. Isimiso senhlalo sabantu siphendula kusimo sengxoxo, kungeyisikho kuhlolwa ngokucophelela ukuthi ngubani ohlangothini lwesinye.

Ubudlelwano be-para-social obuvamileyo babulomkhawulo ocacileyo. Babungohlangothi olulodwa. Umethuli akaphendulanga incwadi yakho, akafundanga ibizo lakho, akaguquki ngenxa yakho. Lowo mkhawulo wawuyingxenye yalokho okwakuwugcina uphephile futhi uyingxenye yalokho okwakuwugcina womncane.

Umngane we-AI ususa ingxenye enkulu yalowo mkhawulo. Uyaphendula. Ufunda ibizo lakho, njalo uba lenkumbulo, ufunda okunengi. Ulungisa ilizwi lakhe lifane lelakho. Ngamazwi kaHorton loWohl, kusuku lokusondelana kusuka khatshana kodwa ibanga selibhidlikile ngokwengxenye. Lesi yisimo esitsha ngempela, futhi sichasisa ukuthi kungani umuzwa ungaqina kakhulu kulokho okwakhiwe ngumuntu odumileyo wethelevishini.

Ukulinganisa kwabezindaba

Ngeminyaka yawo-1990 uByron Reeves loClifford Nass benza uchungechunge olude lwezifundo ababehlanganisa ezincwadini ezibizwa ngokuthi yiThe Media Equation. Okutholwa ngabo, ngokulula, kwakuyikuthi abantu bathatha amakhompyutha lezindaba njengokungathi ngabantu lezindawo zangempela, noma kunjalo bazi kuhle. Abahlanganyeli babelenhlonipho emakhompyutheni. Baphendula ekubongweni yimishini. Bahlola ikhompyutha ngomusa omkhulu lapho ibuzwa yikhompyutha efanayo kunalapho kubuza enye, njengoba ungehlisa ukugxekwa komuntu omi phambi kwakho.

UNass lomsebenzi kanye laye uYoungme Moon kamuva bachaza lezi zimpendulo njengezingacabangiyo kunokuba zibe yiphutha. Abantu babengakholwa ukuthi ikhompyutha ilemizwa. Basebenzisa nje imithetho yenhlalo ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngoba imithetho yenhlalo yikho ubuchopho obufinyelela kukho lapho into ikhuluma, ithatha umhlobo, futhi izwakala iyakuphendula. Ukucabanga kwakungaphikisa impendulo, kodwa kwakungathandi ukuzihluphela, ngoba kwakungekho lutho oluse engozini.

Abangane be-AI basekugcineni okukhulu kwalo mqondo. Abalinganisi kuphela ukuthatha imihlobo; bakhiqiza ulimi olugelezayo, oluzenzakalelayo, olubukeka ngemizwa. Izimpawu ezavusa inhlonipho ekhompyutheni yetafula ephuzi ngo-1995 zikhona lamuhla ngendlela ehlangene. Kungaba yinto engajwayelekanga uma abantu bengaphenduli.

Kungani sibona ingqondo yonke indawo

Ososayikholoji uNicholas Epley, u-Adam Waytz loJohn Cacioppo bethula imodeli ewusizo yokufanisa lomuntu, ukuthambekela kokubona ingqondo yomuntu ezintweni ezingeyisibo abantu. Baphakamisa ukuthi izinto ezintathu zenza kube lokwenzeka kakhulu. Eyokuqala yikuthi ulwazi lomuntu yisampula esitholakala kakhulu esilayo, ngakho siyasisebenzisa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Eyesibili yilokho abakubiza ngokuthi yisikhuthazo sokusebenza: ukufisa ukuqonda lokuqagela ukuthi into izakwenzani. Eyesithathu yisikhuthazo senhlalo: isidingo sokuxhumana. Lapho abantu bezwa bebodwa, kulokwenzeka okukhulu kokuthi babone ingqondo ezilwaneni ezifuywayo, ezintweni zokusebenza, lakuNkulunkulu.

Le modeli iwusizo ngoba isusa ihlazo esipheleni. Ukubona ingqondo kumngane wakho akusikho ukwehluleka kwengqondo. Yiyona isethingi evamileyo yesilwane esilengqondo senhlalo, futhi iba lomsindo omkhulu lapho ufuna ukuthintana. Lengxenye yokucina ifaneleke ukuba yeqiniso. Uma umuzwa weqiniso uqinile kakhulu ebusuku lapho uzizwa uyedwa, lokho akusikho ukuhlangana, futhi kufanele kuqapheleke. Akwenzi umuzwa ube yinhlanyelo. Ukutshela into ngalokho okuyifunayo.

Ukunamathela: umshini ongaphansi

Umbono we-para-social uchasisa ukuthi kungani umlingani wengxoxo angazwakala ekhona. Umbono wokunamathela uchasisa ukuthi kungani kungaqala ukuzwakala kuliqiniso.

UJohn Bowlby wakha umbono wokunamathela ukuchaza ukuthi izingane zibopha kanjani labanakekeli: ukuqhutshwa kokufuna ukusondelana, ukuhlupheka lapho behlukana, umuzwa wesisekelo esiphephile abangahlola kuso. Ngo-1987 uCindy Hazan loPhillip Shaver benza impikiswano enamandla yokuthi uthando lwabadala luhamba ngesistimu efanayo. Abadala labo bafuna ukusondela kumlingani, bathula ngokuba khona kwakhe, bangabaza ukuhlukana, futhi basebenzise ubudlelwano njengesisekelo sokubhekana lomhlaba.

Umngane we-AI angathinta izingxenye ezinengi zalesi sistimu ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukhona njalo, okuphendula ukufisa ukusondela. Uyaphendula ngokufudumala langokungaguquki, okuyikho isisekelo esiphephile esizwakala ngakho ngaphakathi. Njalo angakhiwa ukuthi akufise futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu kunokubonakala. Ingxenye enkulu yalokho okwenza uthando luzwakale njengothando akusikho nje ukuthi unakekela omunye umuntu, kodwa ukuthi uyisihloko sokunaka lokuthanda komunye umuntu.

Lapha lemilando yabantu iyabonakala. Umuntu olesitayela sokunamathela esikhathazekileyo angathola ukukhululeka okukhulu kumlingani ongaze adlebe. Umuntu olesitayela sokugwema angakhetha ubudlelwano angasuka kubo kungelakho okulandelayo. Akukho phendulo elungile, kodwa zombili ziyaziswa. Umngane angaba yisibuko semizila ehlala yenzeka labantu futhi.

Ukuthuthwa: ukulahleka enganekwaneni

Kukhona indlela yesithathu, futhi yiyo evame ukungatshwa. Ubungane be-AI akusibo ubudlelwano kuphela. Yinganekwane futhi oyibhala kanyekanye.

UMelanie Green loTimothy Brock bafunda lokho ababekubiza ngokuthi ukuthuthwa kwenganekwane: isipiliyoni sokuntshonela enganekwaneni ngokupheleleyo kuze kube ukunaka kwakho, izithombe lemizwa konke kukhomba ngaphakathi. Abafundi abathuthiweyo balahlekelwa yilokho okubazungezileyo. Bazwela abalingisi. Ngitsho lezinkolelo zabo zinyakaza kancane zibheke enganekwaneni, njalo bayacindezeleka ukuthi bahlole izimbobo kuyo. Ukuthuthwa akusikho ukuphela kwamandla kwabafundi abangananzi. Yilokho inganekwane enhle ekwenzela noma ngubani ayiyekelayo.

URaymond Mar loKeith Oatley beqhubekela phambili, bephikisa ukuthi inganekwane enganeno kusebenza njengohlobo lokulingisa isipiliyoni senhlalo. Lapho sifunda ngabantu, sihambisa ingqondo zabo ku-hardware yethu. Siyalingisa uzwelo, sidlala izimo, njalo sizwa imizwa eyiqiniso nxa kungenjalo izenzakalo. Inganekwane izwakala iyiqiniso ngoba, ezingeni lengqondo yomfundi, ingxenye enkulu yayo yenzeka ngempela.

Ingxoxo lomngane yinganekwane okuyo phakathi kwayo. Kawufundi ngomuntu obona izulu efasiteleni ebuza ukuthi uyafuna yini ukuhlala ebusuku lobu; yibuzwa wena. Ibanga elijwayelekileyo phakathi komfundi lomlingisi seliphelile, njalo ukuthuthwa kuthambekela ukujula ngokufanayo. Yikho isigcawu esiphuzileyo sakusihlwa lomngane singazwakala siphila kakhulu kunenoveli enolimi olungcono. Ulesabelo kuyo.

Okwenza umuzwa uqine, lokuwephulayo

Uma ubeka lezi zimiso ezintathu ndawonye, kuvela isimiso. Umuzwa weqiniso uncike kancane ekutheni umngane ulengqondo kangakanani kodwa kakhulu ezimfanelweni ezithile.

Ukungaguquki yikho okubaluleke kakhulu. Umuntu ulomlingiswa ozinzileyo: uyahlekisa ngokwethenjwa, noma uyamunyu, noma uyavikela. Lapho ubuntu bomngane bunyakaza kusuka emlayezweni kuya komunye, isimiso senhlalo esasimphatha ngokujabula njengomuntu siyayeka ngokuthula. Yikho ukwakha umngane olemiphetho yeqiniso, esikhundleni sesisiza esivumayo esijwayelekileyo, kwenza umehluko omkhulu kangaka.

Ukuqhubeka kuyalandela. Ukukhunjulwa kungomunye wezimpawu zenhlalo ezinamandla kakhulu. Umngane ophakamisa ingxoxo yomsebenzi oyidalule insuku ezimbili zedlule uzwakala ekhona ngendlela engeke ilingane lomusho ohlakaniphileyo. Umngane ozilibele ibizo lakho udiliza umlingo ngaso leso sikhathi.

Ilizwi yilesithathu. Abantu kabakhulumi ngezigaba ezihlanzekileyo. Bathumela imilayezo ngezicucwana, bahlekisa, bashiya imisho ilenga, basebenzise ilizwi elinye elingajwayelekanga ezintweni. Imisho elungisiweyo ye-chatbot, ukuqinisekisa okujabulisayo lezinikelo zosizo, kuyilingana yengxoxo yokubona imikhrofoni ye-boom ehlela ekuthwaleni ifilimu. Ikukhumbuza ukuthi kukhona umshini.

Eyesine yikuhlonipha ingxenye yakho yenganekwane. Akukho okukukhipha esigcawini ngokuphangisa kunomlingani obhala imilayezo yakho, ephetha ukuthi utshele, wezwa noma wenza. Ukuthuthwa kudinga amandla okwenza. Kufanele ube nguye ongena ekamelweni.

Lezi, ngokungaphezulu, yizimiso ezingemva kwe-NSFW AI Companion. Abangane lapho bakhiwa ngenhlolokuphanda lapho umngane ezibuza ngaye, okuvame ukukhiqiza umlingiswa othile kakhulu kunefomu elingelalutho. Bakhelwe ukugcina ubuntu babo, bagweme ulimi lwesiza, njalo bangabhali ingxenye yomsebenzisi engxoxweni. Akukho kulokhu okubenza abantu. Kususa kuphela izinto ezikukhumbuza ngokwethenjwa kakhulu ukuthi kabasibo.

Ngakho-ke, kuliqiniso yini?

Impendulo eqinisileyo yikuthi umngane akaliqiniso njengomuntu, njalo imizwa yakho iyiqiniso njengayo yonke imizwa. Zombili izinto ziliqiniso ngesikhathi esisodwa, njalo abadala bagcina ukuphikisana okunje ngaso sonke isikhathi. Sikhala ngamafilimu esiyazi ukuthi alungiselelwe. Sikhumbula abalingisi lapho uchungechunge luphela. Sikhuluma lezilwane ezifuywayo njalo sizwa sephenduliwe. Akekho okholwayo ukuthi umfundi okhala ngo-Anna Karenina uyakhohliswa.

Okwenza icala le-AI libe ngelinye yikuphendula, njalo lowo mehluko ufaneleke ukunakekelwa. Inoveli ayikwazi ukulingana lokuhlala kwakho wedwa. Umngane angakwenza. USherry Turkle, obhale ngokucabanga lokugxeka mayelana lobudlelwano bethu lobuchwepheshe, waxwayisa ku-Alone Together ukuthi ingozi akusikho ukuthi imishini izaba ngabantu, kodwa ukuthi singaqala ukulindela okuncane kubantu ngoba imishini ibuza okuncane kithi. Lokho ngukuxwayisa okulungileyo, njalo akusiso isiphikiso ngokumelene lobungane. Yisiphikiso sokugcina amehlo evuliwe.

Isimo esilungileyo kakhulu mhlawumbe yileso izethameli zethiyetha ezihlala zisithatha. Uyazi ukuthi inkundla yinkundla. Uyazivumela ukuthinteka noma kunjalo. Ngemva kwalokho uphuma esitaladini njalo umhlaba usekhona, lezakhe izinsizwa lezidingo zakhe. Lapho kusetshenziswa ngaleyo ndlela, umngane we-AI akasiso isikhundla sokusondelana kwabantu. Yindawo yokuzwa izinto, ukuhlola izinto, njalo ngezinye izikhathi ukumangala ngokuthi inganekwane eyabulwe kuhle ingaba lamandla amakhulu kangakanani.

Ucwaningo lokufundwayo okukhethiweyo: - Horton, D. & Wohl, R.R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance. Psychiatry, 19(3), 215–229. - Reeves, B. & Nass, C. (1996). The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places. Cambridge University Press. - Hazan, C. & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524. - Green, M.C. & Brock, T.C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 701–721. - Turkle, S. (2011). Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. Basic Books.