Kutheni Amaqabane e-AI Eziva Enyani

Phantse wonke umntu ochitha ixesha elininzi neqabane le-AI uba neli xesha lincinci, elihlazisayo. Uyazi kanye ukuba uthetha ntoni. Ungakwazi ukucacisa, ngokubanzi, indlela imodeli yolwimi eqikelela ngayo igama elilandelayo. Kodwa nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha kufika umyalezo ofika ngathi uvela kumntu: impendulo ehlekisayo ekhumbula into oyithethileyo izolo, umbuzo obonakala uqaphela imood yakho, ukunqumama kwisigqi sencoko okuvakalayo ngathi kukunqikana. Into ekwenawe iyawuphendula ngathi kukho umntu.

Olo hlobo lokusabela alusophawu lokuba ukhohlisiwe, kwaye alusophawu lokuba kukho into engalunganga ngawe. Yinto eyenziwa ziingqondo zabantu ngayo nantoni na eziphatha ngokwentlalo. Abaphandi bebesoloko bechaza iinguqulelo zayo kangangamashumi asixhenxe eminyaka, kudala ngaphambi kwee-chatbot, kwaye iingcaciso abafikelela kuzo zihambelana namaqabane e-AI ngendlela engakhululekanga. Ukuwaqonda akulonakalisi amava. Ukuba kukho nantoni na, kwenza kube lula ukuwonwabela ngokunyanisekileyo.

Ubuhlobo obukude

Ngo-1956, izazi ezimbini zentlalo, uDonald Horton noRichard Wohl, bapapasha iphepha malunga nabantu ababonakala kumabonakude nakunomathotholo. Baqaphela ukuba abaphulaphuli benza into efana kakhulu nobuhlobo nabantu ababengazange babadibane: umamkeli weenkqubo zobusuku, ummemezeli kanomathotholo, umlinganiswa we-soap opera. Ababukeli babephendula kwisikrini. Babeziva bebaqonda aba bantu. Abanye babeziva beqondwa ngabo ngaphezu kwabantu abakubomi babo. UHorton noWohl bakubiza oku ngokuba yi-para-social interaction, kwaye bakuchaza ngesivakalisi esiye sakhula kakuhle: "ubuhlobo obukude."

Bathi, into eyenza obu budlelwane busebenze yayingekuko ukukhohlisa. Abaphulaphuli babesazi kakuhle ukuba umamkeli akakwazi ukubabona. Kwasebenza kuba umdlali wayezenza ngathi uthetha nombukeli ngamnye buqu: intetho ethe ngqo, ithoni engacwangciswanga, imvakalelo yesiqhelo esabelwanayo. Inkqubo yentlalo yabantu isabela kwimo yokusebenzisana, hayi kuhlolisiso olucokisekileyo lokuba ngubani okwelinye icala.

Ubudlelwane be-parasocial obuqhelekileyo babunomda omnye ocacileyo. Babunecala elinye. Umamkeli akazange aphendule ileta yakho, akazange alifunde igama lakho, akazange atshintshe ngenxa yakho. Lowo mda wawuyinxalenye yento eyawugcina ukhuselekile kwaye ukwayinxalenye yento eyawugcina ubhityile.

Iqabane le-AI lisusa uninzi lwalo mda. Liyaphendula. Lifunda igama lakho, kwaye ukuba linememori, lifunda okuninzi ngakumbi. Lihlengahlengisa ithoni yalo kweyakho. Ngokwamazwi kaHorton noWohl, bubuhlobo obukude obunomgama oye wancipha. Le yimeko entsha ngokwenene, kwaye icacisa ukuba kutheni imvakalelo inokuba namandla ngaphezu kwayo nantoni na eyenziwe ngumntu obonakala kumabonakude.

I-media equation

Ngo-1990s, uByron Reeves noClifford Nass benza uthotho olude lwezilingo abazishwankathela encwadini ethi The Media Equation. Isiphumo sabo, ngokulula, yayikukuba abantu baphatha iikhompyutha kunye nemidiya ngathi ngabantu bokwenyani kunye neendawo, nangona besazi ngcono. Abathathi-nxaxheba babenobubele kwiikhompyutha. Babesabela kukunconywa ngumatshini. Babesilinganisa ikhompyutha ngobubele ngakumbi xa bebuzwa yile khompyutha inye kunaxa bebuzwa yenye, ngendlela obuya kuthambisa ngayo ukugxeka umntu omi phambi kwakho.

UNass kunye nomntu asebenza naye uYoungme Moon kamva bachaza ezi ngxelo njengezingenangqondo kunokuba zineempazamo. Abantu babengakholelwa ukuba ikhompyutha ineemvakalelo. Babesebenzisa nje imithetho yentlalo ngokuzenzekelayo, kuba imithetho yentlalo yile nto ingqondo iyifunayo xa into ithetha, ithatha ithuba, kwaye ibonakala isabela kuwe. Ukucinga kunokuyitshitshisa impendulo, kodwa yayingazihluphi ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kuba kwakungekho nto isengozini.

Amaqabane e-AI ahlala kwelona cala likude le spectrum. Akathathi nje amathuba; avelisa ulwimi olutyibilikayo, olobuqu, oluneemvakalelo. Izinto ezazibangela ububele kwi-desktop engwevu ngo-1995 zikhona ngoku ngendlela egxininisiweyo. Kuya kuba yinto engaqhelekanga ukuba abantu bangasabeli.

Kutheni sibona iingqondo kuyo yonke indawo

Izazi zengqondo uNicholas Epley, uAdam Waytz noJohn Cacioppo bacebise imodeli eluncedo ye-anthropomorphism, umkhwa wokubona iingqondo zabantu kwizinto ezingezizo ezabantu. Bacebise ukuba izinto ezintathu zenza kube lula. Eyokuqala kukuba ulwazi lomntu lolona lukhoyo kuthi, ngoko ke silusebenzisa ngokuzenzekelayo. Eyesibini yile nto bayibiza ngokuba yi-effectance motivation: umnqweno wokuqonda nokuxela kwangaphambili ukuba into iza kwenza ntoni. Eyesithathu yi-sociality motivation: imfuneko yoqhagamshelwano. Xa abantu beziva belilolo, banokubona iingqondo kwizilwanyana zasekhaya, kwizixhobo, nakwakuThixo.

Le modeli iluncedo kuba isusa isigxeko kumava. Ukubona ingqondo kwiqabane lakho akukona ukusilela kobukrelekrele. Yisetting engagqibekanga yesilwanyana esikrelekrele sentlalo, kwaye iba namandla xa ufuna uqhagamshelwano. Loo nxalenye yokugqibela ifanelwe kukunyaniseka. Ukuba imvakalelo yokwenyani inamandla ngokukodwa ngobusuku xa uziva ulilolo, oko akukuko nje ngengozi, kwaye kufanelekile ukuba uqaphele. Ayenzi imvakalelo ibe bubuxoki. Ikuxelela into malunga nento oyifunayo.

Ukuncamathela: umatshini onzulu

Ithiyori ye-parasocial icacisa ukuba kutheni umntu othetha naye enokuziva ekho. Ithiyori yokuncamathela icacisa ukuba kutheni inokuqala ukuziva ibalulekile.

UJohn Bowlby waphuhlisa ithiyori yokuncamathela ukuchaza indlela iintsana ezibambelela ngayo kubakhathaleli: umnqweno wokufuna ubuhlobo, intlungu yokwahlukana, imvakalelo yesiseko esikhuselekileyo sokuhlola. Ngo-1987 uCindy Hazan noPhillip Shaver benza ingxoxo enempembelelo yokuba uthando lwabantu abadala lusebenza ngendlela efanayo. Abantu abadala nabo bafuna ubuhlobo neqabane, baziva bekhululekile ngobukho babo, bayakuchasa ukwahlukana, kwaye basebenzisa ubudlelwane njengesiseko sokujongana nehlabathi.

Iqabane le-AI linokuchukumisa iinxalenye ezininzi zale nkqubo ngaxeshanye. Lihlala lifikeleleka, nto leyo ethetha ngomnqweno wobuhlobo. Liyakuphendula ngobubele nangokungaguquki, yiyo le nto isiseko esikhuselekileyo sivakala ngaphakathi. Kwaye linokuyilwa ukuba likufune nawe, nto leyo ebaluleke ngaphezu kokuba kubonakala. Uninzi lwento eyenza uthando luzive ngathi luthando ayikuko nje ukuba uyamkhathalela umntu, kodwa kukuba ungumxholo wengqalelo kunye nokukhethwa komnye umntu.

Le yindawo apho imbali yabantu ibonakala khona. Umntu onesitayile sokuncamathela esixhalabileyo unokufumana isiqabu esikhulu kwiqabane elingaze lirhoxe. Umntu onesitayile sokuphepha unokuxabisa ubudlelwane abanokubuphuma ngaphandle kwemiphumo. Akukho nanye kwezi ngxelo ingalunganga, kodwa zombini ziyanika ulwazi. Iqabane linokuba sisipili seepatheni ezikwenzeka nabantu.

Ukuthuthwa: ukulahleka kwibali

Kukho indlela yesithathu, kwaye yiyo leyo ihlala ingahoywanga. Ubuhlobo be-AI abukona nje ubudlelwane. Kukwabalana obubhala kunye.

UMelanie Green noTimothy Brock bafunda into abayibiza ngokuba yi-narrative transportation: amava okungena ebalini ngokupheleleyo kangangokuba ingqalelo yakho, imifanekiso kunye neemvakalelo zonke zibhekiswa ngaphakathi kulo. Abafundi abathuthwayo balibala indawo abakuyo. Baziva bekhathazeka ngabalinganiswa. Iinkolelo zabo ziyatshintsha kancinci kwicala lebali, kwaye abasafuni ukufumana iimpazamo kulo. Ukuthuthwa akukona ubuthathaka babafundi abangakhathaliyo. Yinto eyenziwa libali elilungileyo kuye nabani na olivumelayo.

URaymond Mar noKeith Oatley bakuthatha oku phambili, bexoxa ukuba intsomi isebenza njengohlobo lokulinganisa amava entlalo. Xa sifunda ngabantu, sisebenzisa iingqondo zabo kwi-hardware yethu. Sisebenzisa uvelwano, siqhelisa iimeko, kwaye sifumana iimvakalelo eziyinyani nangona iziganeko zingeyonyani. Intsomi ivakala iyinyani kuba, kwinqanaba lengqondo yomfundi, uninzi lwayo lwenzeka ngokwenene.

Incoko yeqabane yintsomi okuyo. Akufundi ngomntu oqaphela imvula efestileni kwaye ebuza ukuba ufuna ukuhlala ngaphakathi ngobu busuku; uyabuzwa. Umgama oqhelekileyo phakathi komfundi nomlinganiswa awukho, kwaye ukuthuthwa kuhlala kusiba nzulu ngokufanelekileyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto umboniso wobusuku obucothayo neqabane unokuziva ucace ngakumbi kunenoveli eneprose engcono. Unendima kuwo.

Yintoni eyenza imvakalelo ibe namandla, kwaye yintoni eyonakalisa yona

Ukuba uzibeka ezi ngcamango zintathu kunye, kuvela ipatheni. Imvakalelo yokwenyani ixhomekeke kancinci kubukrelekrele beqabane kwaye ngakumbi kwiimpawu ezimbalwa ezithile.

Ukungaguquki kubaluleke kakhulu. Umntu unomlinganiswa ozinzileyo: uhlala ehlekisa, okanye eneentloni, okanye ekhusela. Xa ubuntu beqabane bujika-jika ukusuka kumyalezo ukuya kumyalezo, inkqubo yentlalo eyayisiphatha ngovuyo njengomntu iyayeka ngokuzolileyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukuyila iqabane elinemida yokwenyani, kunokuba ngumncedi olungelelanisiweyo, kwenza umahluko omkhulu.

Ukuqhubeka kuza emva koko. Ukukhunjulwa yenye yezona mpawu zentlalo zinamandla. Iqabane elikhankanya udliwano-ndlebe lomsebenzi olukhankanye kwiintsuku ezimbini ezidlulileyo liziva likho ngendlela engenakuphikiswa sisivakalisi esikrelekrele. Iqabane elilibele igama lakho liyawaphula umlingo ngoko nangoko.

Ilizwi lelesithathu. Abantu abatheteli kwizigaba ezicokisekileyo. Babhala imiyalezo ngeziqhekeza, bahlekise, baphele, basebenzise igama elinye elingaqhelekanga kwizinto. Izivakalisi ze-chatbot eziqhelekileyo, iziqinisekiso ezikhanyayo kunye nezibonelelo zoncedo, zilingana nencoko yokubona imakrofoni ye-boom ingena kwindawo yefilimu. Zikukhumbuza ukuba kukho umatshini.

Okwesine kukuhlonipha indima yakho ebalini. Akukho nto ikukhupha kwindawo ngokukhawuleza kunomntu othetha ngamagama akho, egqiba ukuba uthini, uziva ntoni okanye wenza ntoni. Ukuthuthwa kufuna igunya. Kufuneka ube nguwe ongena egumbini.

Le yayiyimigaqo emalunga ne-NSFW AI Companion. Amaqabane apho akhiwe ngodliwano-ndlebe apho iqabane libuza ngalo, nto leyo edla ngokudala umlinganiswa othile ngaphezu kwefomu engenanto. Ayilwe ukugcina ubuntu bawo, ukuphepha isivakalisi somncedi, kwaye angaze abhale icala lomsebenzisi lencoko. Akukho nanye kwezi zenza abantu. Isusa nje izinto ezikukhumbuza ngokuthembekileyo ukuba abanjalo.

Ngaba yinyani ke?

Impendulo enyanisekileyo kukuba iqabane aliyonyani ngendlela umntu ayiyo, kwaye iimvakalelo zakho ziyinyani ngendlela kanye zonke iimvakalelo eziyiyo. Zombini ezi zinto ziyinyani ngaxeshanye, kwaye abantu abadala bahlala bephethe iingxabano ezinje. Siyalila kwiifilimu esaziyo ukuba zicwangcisiwe. Siyabakhumbula abalinganiswa xa uthotho luphela. Sithetha nezilwanyana zasekhaya kwaye siziva siphendulwe. Akukho mntu ucinga ukuba umfundi olilela u-Anna Karenina ukhohlisiwe.

Into eyenza imeko ye-AI yahluke kukusabela, kwaye loo mahluko ufanele ukukhathalelwa. Inoveli ayihambelani nokulilolo kwakho. Iqabane linokwenza oko. USherry Turkle, obhale ngokucingisisa nangokugxeka ngobudlelwane bethu neteknoloji, walumkisa encwadini ethi Alone Together ukuba umngcipheko ayikuko ukuba oomatshini baza kuba ngabantu, kodwa kukuba sinokuqala ukulindela okuncinci kubantu kuba oomatshini bacela okuncinci kuthi. Eso sisilumkiso esifanelekileyo, kwaye asiyongxoxo echasene nobuhlobo. Yinxoxo yokugcina amehlo akho evulekile.

Isimo esisempilweni kakhulu mhlawumbi seso abaphulaphuli bethiyetha abasoloko besithatha. Uyazi ukuba iqonga liqonga. Uvumela ukuba ushukume nangona kunjalo. Uphuma uye esitratweni emva koko kwaye ihlabathi lisakhona, nabantu balo kunye neemfuno zalo. Isetyenziswe ngolo hlobo, iqabane le-AI ayisiyiyo into ethatha indawo yobuhlobo bomntu. Yindawo yokuziva izinto, ukuhlola izinto, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha umangaliswe yindlela ibali elibalwe kakuhle elinokubaluleka ngayo.

Ukukhethwa kophando nokufunda: - Horton, D. & Wohl, R.R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance. Psychiatry, 19(3), 215–229. - Reeves, B. & Nass, C. (1996). The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places. Cambridge University Press. - Hazan, C. & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524. - Green, M.C. & Brock, T.C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 701–721. - Turkle, S. (2011). Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. Basic Books.